ARBOVIRUSES AS CAUSES OF VIRAL ENCEPHALITISArthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are a common cause of sporadic and epidemic encephalitis. They are a heterogeneous group of organisms that are transmitted by arthropod vectors (mosquitoes and ticks).
PathogenesisArboviruses are inoculated into a host by a mosquito or tick bite and undergo local replication at the skin site. If there is a large enough inoculum, viremia occurs, with subsequent invasion and infection of the central nervous system. Arboviral encephalitis is predominantly a disease of the cortical gray matter, brainstem, and thalamic nuclei.
Clinical PresentationThe onset of arboviral encephalitis may be acute or subacute, and symptoms caused by these agents are typically nonspecific, including fever, headache, nausea, and vomiting. Virtually any central nervous system abnormality can occur, and clinical manifestations vary from minimal alterations in mental status to hemiparesis, seizure, and coma.
DiagnosisCSF generally reveals a mild lymphocytic or mononuclear pleocytosis, a moderately elevated protein level, and a normal glucose level. Arboviral infections are generally diagnosed by serologic testing of acute and convalescent (obtained 4 weeks later) sera. Specimens should be sent during the acute illness to detect virus-specific IgM antibodies in the serum and CSF. Viral cultures of the CSF are generally negative.
Therapy Treatment of arboviral encephalitis is primarily supportive, with fluids, anticonvulsants (if seizures occur), and mechanical ventilation (if necessary). No antiviral agents against these organisms are available.*23/348/5*

THE VERDICT ON DREAMS While theories abound as to the reasons for and the significance of dreaming, the verdict on dreams—whether they hold the key to our inner being, or whether they will prove to be mere electrical storms, like a sort of cerebral aurora borealis—lies in the future.Our main concern here, however, is with their effect on sleep. As we have seen, dreams on the whole are a positive, if not actually beneficial, feature of sleep. Strictly speaking, the only dream-related sleep disorders recognized by the medical profession are the ones just discussed: nightmares and night terrors. Some people who have nightmares on a regular basis may develop fears and thus experience difficulty falling asleep. Others who have conditioned themselves to awaken at the first sign of a troubling dream may be said to have a problem in maintaining sleep.By and large, however, these are conditioned responses that can be managed relatively easily in a healthy and positive way, either through self-awareness or through psychiatric counseling.There is another approach that some people believe may one day prove to have merit, and that bears a brief mention here: dream control.*311\226\8*

COMPLICATIONS OF RHINITIS: INFECTED SINUSESThe medical term for what we commonly refer to as our sinuses is the paranasal sinuses (para means around or near; and sinus means space or hollow). The paranasal sinuses are empty spaces in the bones of the face and head that surround and connect with the nasal cavities. They are lined with the same membrane that lines the nose, and drain into the nose cavity via openings called ostia. There are four paranasal sinuses:      The Maxillary Sinuses       The Ethmoid Sinuses       The Frontal Sinuses       The Sphenoid Sinuses      Each is named for the bone(s) of the skull in which they lie.
What Sinuses DoAs far as we know, the sinuses have six main functions:1. Lighten the weight of the skull.2. Act as chambers to resonate our voices.3. Warm the air as we breathe it.4. Humidify the air as we breathe it.5. Protect the interior of the skull from injury.6. Act as insulators to keep the base of the brain, which is close to the inside of the nose, warm.
SinusitisSinusitis is a common complication of chronic rhinitis, whether allergic, chemical, irritant, or infectious. Sinusitis is a medical term that most people use to refer to any infection of the sinuses. Literally, sinusitis means an inflammation of the sinuses. That inflammation can be caused by a variety of factors, but the most common cause of inflammation of the sinuses is infection.Generally speaking, sinusitis evolves in a four-step sequence.1. Mucus Production Increases. Whatever the triggering factor – allergen, infectious agent (cold virus or bacteria), chemical pollutant, or toxic agent – the end result is stimulation of the membrane lining of the sinuses to make substantially more mucus than normal.2. Ciliary Clearance of Sinus Debris Decreases. At the same time that more mucus is being made, the little hair-like cells lining the mucous membrane (the cilia) lose their ability to sweep the mucus out of the sinuses.3. Closure of the opening of the Sinuses into the Nasal Cavity Occurs. While the cilia are losing their ability to clear the sinuses of debris, chemicals, and germs, the openings of the sinuses into the nasal cavity close because of swelling of the lining of the nose, making clearing impossible.4. Infectious Agents Flourish. In the now dark, wet environment of the nose, trapped viral or bacterial agents multiply and sinus injury continues.
Infectious Organisms That Commonly Cause Sinusitis1. Viruses: The same organisms that cause the common cold are the most common causes of sinusitis.2. Bacteria: A variety of bacteria cause sinusitis. Names like Diplococcus, hemophilus influenza (not the flu germ), beta Streptococcus (as in strep throat), E. coli (as in diarrhea), and Staphlococcus aureus are the most common.*58/322/5*

Secondly, we must employ a selection of herbal medicines, such as Nephrosolid and Boldocynara, for these remedies promote increased excretion through the kidneys and liver. By taking Echin­aforce we can prevent irritation and inflammation. At the beginning of the illness, the flu drops Influaforce are helpful. These drops contain Baptisia (wild indigo), Lachesis lOx, Echinaforce, Bryonia 3x (bryony), Aconitum 3x and Solidago, and have always proved effective in minimising the virulence of the infection.

Diet is very important for a flu patient. While fever is present, neither protein nor fat should be eaten. Going on a liquid juice diet for one or two days has proved to be very beneficial. Grapefruit juice, diluted bilberry (blueberry) juice, also blackcurrant juice alternated with diluted beetroot juice will be received as a blessing by the patient. The intake of liquids should be greater than under normal circumstances.
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At the onset of a flu virus we should carefully consider four main aspects for successful treatment.

In the first place we must make use of a physical therapy through which we can assist the body to excrete bacterial toxins. At the same time, we must watch the condition of the heart during sweating cures. With this in mind, we can then proceed to induce sweating through the application of compresses, wet packs or a steam bath.

In addition to the compresses, it is also beneficial to apply cold compresses to the calves. The patient will then be more comfortable and able to sleep.

If the illness is affecting the heart, give the heart tonic Cardi-aforce, or fruit juice sweetened with honey. Or simply serve herbal tea or just water sweetened with honey. Pure grape sugar (con­densed grape juice) also has an immediate effect in strengthening weak heart muscles.

The body should be frequently washed with an infusion of thyme or juniper needles, even if the patient may perspire only moder­ately.

For a severe bout of flu, the patient should take Podophyllum 4x, Chelidonium 4x (celandine) and Taraxacum (dandelion), since these remedies are good for the liver. And as already stated, the patient should drink raw carrot juice for the liver, and apply cabbage leaf poultices to the liver region during the night.

If it happens to be a head or nerve flu, Avena sativa and Acid, phos. 4x, in addition to a biological calcium preparation, are indi­cated; in severe cases also Fiebrisan and Echinaforce. The simul­taneous application of crushed cabbage leaves on the nape of the neck has an excellent effect.

Oral hygiene must be observed in all infectious diseases, includ­ing influenza. The patient must clean his teeth regularly and remove any coating on the tongue with a toothbrush. Gargling with Molko-san backs up the healing process greatly.

Patients with common influenza will benefit from Influaforce, a homoeopathic flu remedy (see below).

All infectious diseases make the lungs work overtime in order to burn up toxins, so the sick room should be aired frequently. Provided that the patient is well covered, a pleasantly cool room is better than an overheated one.
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Treatment

The mainstay of treatment is a course of antibiotics. Your doctor may also prescribe an antibiotic ointment to be used 2-3 times a day. In between applications of the ointment, wash the skin gently with soap or an antibacterial solution, and pat dry.

• if the sore is surrounded by an area of red skin;

• if your child is also generally unwell or has a fever.

Always see your doctor if you suspect your child has school sores.

Prevention

Impetigo can spread rapidly to other parts of the body, merely from your child touching the sore and then scratching elsewhere. Try to explain this to your child, and encourage him not to pick at sores. Keep fingernails short and wash your child’s hands frequently until the infection has well and truly cleared up. Impetigo is also highly contagious, and your child should be kept home until the sores have healed. Keep a separate towel for the exclusive use of the child who has impetigo, and wash all linen thoroughly if stained with blood or pus from the sores.

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During pregnancy the milk ducts in the breast develop under the influence of hormones and breastmilk is produced and stored. This first breastmilk is called colostrum, a yellow, sticky fluid with high nutritional value. It provides special immunity which protects your baby against infection. During the first 24-48 hours after birth, colostrum is the only fluid which your breasts will produce. The breastmilk then undergoes a change, becomes whiter, and takes on a more watery consistency.

During each feed the composition of breastmilk changes. At the beginning of the

feed foremilk is produced, which has a higher lactose (sugar) content. 1 he foremilk tends to be thinner and satisfies your baby’s thirst. After a few minutes the hindmilk comes in, which is higher in fat content and settles the baby’s hunger pangs.

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“I want you to learn to juggle together, to jump rope together, to play jacks, do puzzles, play board games, and generally get back to being playmates,” I said to one of the couples who seldom smiled.

“Do you mean go to Toys ß Us and get games? We don’t have to. Our kids have enough to open their own store. Toys ß Them,” said the wife.

“No. I want you to get your own toys. These toys are for you. Keep them in your private place. I know you play with the kids, but now I want you to play with each other.” They looked at me, smiling-

At the next visit, they brought three beanbags and demonstrated their juggling skills. They laughed as they repeatedly missed the bags. “I love this,” said the husband. “I can’t remember playing, and certainly not with her. I play tennis and golf, but this is all different. We’re playing like kids, really playing, not just having recreation.”

The couple experienced this opportunity as different because it is based on the concept of “neoteny,” Ashley Montagu’s term for the return to some of the characteristics of childhood. It is a way to laugh, play, and salvage lost opportunities from the health of youthfulness. Perhaps we age because we don’t play as we get older.

I ask couples to keep a large family puzzle going at all times. Have it on a table in plain view. Put it together slowly. Everyone should work on it. You will be surprised how stress-reducing this can be, unless someone gets trapped into trying to beat everyone else by finishing it alone. The rule is that no one can put in a piece without someone else from the family present.

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